Alejandro Caceres, a 38-year-old Colombian-American cybersecurity entrepreneur, wrote a set of programs that kept every publicly visible website in North Korea offline for more than a week in late 2022. Caceres had been personally targeted by North Korean spies who tried to steal his intrusion tools, but had received no real governmental support despite detailing the targeting to the FBI, so he decided to take matters into his own hands. He was adopted informally by a Pentagon contractor and invited to present his techniques to high-level US defense and intelligence officials following his North Korean cyberattacks.